Chapter 1 Political Movement Bangladesh Studies Question and Best Answers

What were the circumstances of demand to establish a militia force in 6 Point demands?

 

The demand to establish a militia force in East Pakistan, as outlined in the 6-Point demands, arose due to the discriminatory policies and oppressive rule of West Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan felt marginalized and vulnerable, both politically and militarily. The central government, dominated by West Pakistan, maintained control over defense and military resources, which left East Pakistan defenseless, especially during crises such as the Indo-Pak War of 1965, when East Pakistan remained unprotected.

The demand for a militia force was included as one of the six key points proposed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to ensure that East Pakistan had the means to defend itself. It was a reflection of the desire for autonomy, security, and the ability to protect its own interests without relying on West Pakistan, which had consistently neglected the security and welfare of the eastern region.

This demand for a separate militia was part of a broader push for political and economic self-determination, as East Pakistan sought to secure its rights and safeguard its people from the growing military and administrative domination by West Pakistan. The 6-Point demands, including the creation of a militia, became a cornerstone of the movement for greater autonomy and eventually the liberation of East Pakistan.

 


The people of East Pakistan fully participated in the movement of the 6 Point Demands because of the discriminating attitude of the rulers of West Pakistan towards the East Pakistan about financial matters’— substantiate your points in favour of your statement.

 

 

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The people of East Pakistan fully participated in the 6-Point Movement due to the financial discrimination imposed by the rulers of West Pakistan. The economic disparity between East and West Pakistan was a primary factor that led to widespread support for the 6-Point Demands. Here are the key reasons that substantiate this:

  1. Unequal Allocation of Resources

West Pakistan’s rulers disproportionately allocated national resources in favor of West Pakistan. Although East Pakistan contributed more than 50% of the country’s total revenue, the funds were used to develop the western region, while the eastern region remained neglected. This economic injustice became a significant reason for East Pakistanis to support the movement.

  1. Imbalance in Industrial Development

Most industrial development occurred in West Pakistan, despite East Pakistan producing the majority of the country’s export earnings, primarily from its jute industry. East Pakistanis felt that their wealth was being used to enrich West Pakistan without any benefits coming back to their region. The 6-Point Demands highlighted the need for greater financial autonomy to ensure fair development for the East.

  1. Foreign Exchange Earnings

East Pakistan generated a larger share of foreign exchange earnings through jute exports, yet West Pakistan controlled these earnings, using them for its own economic growth. The people of East Pakistan resented the fact that despite being the main contributors to foreign exchange, they had little say in how the money was spent. One of the 6-Point Demands called for control over foreign trade and foreign exchange by East Pakistan, to rectify this imbalance.

  1. Taxation and Revenue Control

East Pakistan faced higher taxes, and the revenue collected was mainly spent on the West. This financial exploitation fueled support for the demand that East Pakistan should control its own taxation and revenue collection, a key aspect of the 6-Point Demands. The people believed that controlling financial matters would lead to more equitable economic development.

  1. Economic Neglect

Infrastructure, healthcare, and educational facilities in East Pakistan lagged far behind those in West Pakistan, despite the former’s larger population. The economic policies of West Pakistan ensured that development projects were heavily concentrated in the West, leaving the East underdeveloped. The 6-Point Demands aimed to address this by decentralizing financial control, giving East Pakistan the power to manage its resources and prioritize its development needs.

  1. Monetary and Fiscal Disparities

The people of East Pakistan also experienced disparities in monetary and fiscal policies. West Pakistan controlled banking and currency issuance, and policies were structured in ways that favored the West. The demand for separate control of monetary and fiscal policy under the 6-Point program was a response to this discrimination.

In summary, the financial discrimination against East Pakistan was a major reason for the widespread participation of its people in the 6-Point Movement. The movement reflected their aspirations for economic justice, autonomy, and control over their own resources, which they believed would help bridge the massive financial disparity between the two regions.


 

 

 

The liberation war was the inevitable outcome of the general election of 1971’- explain.

 

 

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The liberation war of 1971 was indeed the inevitable outcome of the 1970 general election because the results and subsequent political actions revealed deep-seated conflicts between East and West Pakistan. Here’s how the election played a direct role:

  1. Victory of the Awami League and Political Marginalization

The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, secured a landslide victory in the 1970 election by winning 160 out of the 162 seats in East Pakistan. This gave the Awami League a clear majority in Pakistan’s National Assembly. Despite this, the ruling powers in West Pakistan were unwilling to transfer power to the Awami League, which represented the aspirations of the people of East Pakistan. The failure to respect the election results created an immediate political crisis.

  1. 6-Point Demands and Regional Autonomy

The Awami League campaigned on the 6-Point Program, which called for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, addressing longstanding economic and political disparities. The overwhelming support for the Awami League showed that the people of East Pakistan were determined to secure their rights and autonomy. When the West Pakistani leadership refused to negotiate on these demands, it deepened the divide, making conflict unavoidable.

  1. Non-Cooperation Movement

In the aftermath of the election, Sheikh Mujib called for a non-cooperation movement in March 1971, as the government of West Pakistan delayed transferring power. This movement essentially made East Pakistan ungovernable by the central authorities, escalating tensions between the two regions. The mass support for the movement reflected the people’s determination to achieve self-rule, further solidifying the path towards war.

  1. Operation Searchlight and Military Crackdown

On March 25, 1971, the Pakistani military initiated “Operation Searchlight,” a brutal military crackdown aimed at suppressing the movement in East Pakistan. This military action was the final catalyst for the Liberation War. The crackdown left no room for peaceful negotiation, as it was seen as an assault on the people of East Pakistan, leading to the formal declaration of independence on March 26, 1971, and the subsequent armed conflict.

  1. Failure of Political Dialogue

Efforts to mediate the conflict through political dialogue failed because the West Pakistani leadership, including President Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, did not want to relinquish control to an East Pakistan-based government. This political intransigence made a peaceful resolution impossible, and the only remaining option was an armed struggle for independence.

  1. Inevitable Path to Independence

The results of the election and the refusal of West Pakistan to honor the democratic choice of East Pakistan’s people made the war for liberation unavoidable. The general election acted as the turning point in the political history of East Pakistan, leading directly to the armed conflict that eventually resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.

In conclusion, the Liberation War of 1971 was the direct and inevitable result of the 1970 general election, as the political rejection of East Pakistan’s legitimate democratic victory led to an irreconcilable conflict between the two wings of Pakistan.


 

 

Explain the reasons of terming the historic Agartala case as a conspiracy by the then rulers.

 

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The historic Agartala Conspiracy Case was labeled a “conspiracy” by the then rulers of Pakistan for several key reasons, reflecting the political motives and tensions between East and West Pakistan during that period. Here’s an explanation of why the rulers framed it as a conspiracy:

  1. Suppressing Bengali Nationalism

The rulers of West Pakistan viewed the rising nationalism in East Pakistan, spearheaded by leaders like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, as a threat to the unity and control of Pakistan. The growing demand for political autonomy and economic rights in East Pakistan alarmed the central government. By framing the Agartala Case as a “conspiracy,” the rulers aimed to delegitimize the demands of the Bengali people for more autonomy and rights.

  1. The Nature of the Allegation

The Agartala Conspiracy Case was filed in January 1968, accusing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 34 other Bengali military and civil officials of plotting to separate East Pakistan from Pakistan with the help of India. The allegation suggested that the leaders of East Pakistan were engaged in treason, planning to dismember the country. By labeling it a conspiracy, the government attempted to justify its harsh actions against the political leadership of East Pakistan and present them as traitors.

  1. Crackdown on Political Opposition

The Agartala Case was a part of a broader strategy by the regime of President Ayub Khan to suppress political dissent. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had become a powerful voice advocating for East Pakistan’s autonomy through his 6-Point Program, which sought economic, political, and military independence for East Pakistan. The case was used to arrest and imprison Mujib and his associates, weakening the opposition and silencing demands for autonomy. By portraying it as a conspiracy, the government aimed to discredit the popular movement led by Mujib.

  1. The Involvement of India

The rulers of West Pakistan, especially the military regime, frequently used the idea of foreign involvement, particularly from India, to justify repression. The Agartala Conspiracy Case accused East Pakistani leaders of collaborating with India, a neighboring country perceived as a major enemy after the 1965 Indo-Pak war. By implicating India, the case aimed to create a sense of national security urgency and cast the demands for autonomy as part of a foreign-backed plot rather than legitimate political grievances.

  1. Public Backlash and Exposure

While the rulers initially framed the case as a conspiracy, it quickly backfired. The people of East Pakistan saw through the political motivations behind the case and rallied around Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, considering him a hero rather than a conspirator. The mass protests and the civil unrest during the 1969 uprising forced the government to eventually withdraw the charges and release the accused. This turn of events exposed the case as politically motivated rather than a genuine conspiracy.

  1. Attempt to Undermine the 6-Point Movement

The 6-Point Movement, which was the foundation of Sheikh Mujib’s political platform, sought significant autonomy for East Pakistan, including control over its economy and military. The rulers of West Pakistan perceived this as a threat to their centralized control. By labeling Mujib and his associates as conspirators, the government attempted to undermine the legitimacy of the movement and prevent it from gaining wider support in both wings of Pakistan.

Conclusion:

The Agartala Conspiracy Case was termed a conspiracy by the then rulers of Pakistan as a political tool to suppress the rising autonomy movement in East Pakistan, discredit Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and weaken the momentum of the 6-Point Demands. However, the case ultimately failed, and instead of suppressing the movement, it fueled the Bengali people’s determination for self-determination, leading to the eventual liberation of Bangladesh in 1971.


Unit 3: Life Style : Lesson 1: Manners around the world 

Unit 2: Lesson 2- Dream 

Lesson 1 -Unforgettable History 

Lesson 2: Nelson Mandela 

Unit 1: Lesson 3 : Two Women 

Unit 2: Lesson 1 What is a dream?

Unit Three: Lifestyle Lesson 4: Fitness

Unit 3-Lesson 5: Spending

Lesson 1: The Storm and Stress of Adolescence

Lesson 2: Adolescence and Some (Related) Problems in Bangladesh

 

Governmentality 

Lesson 3 : Why Does a Child Hate School?

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